Geo Engineering And Its Effects On The Future Generations

Currently, geo-engineering has not been developed or tested to ensure its efficacy and safety. I know that this uncertainty can be lessened through predictions or computer-generated simulation. Despite these efforts, there will still be a percentage of uncertainty when it comes to the risk that future generations may face. Hence, developing and utilizing geo-engineering may have adverse effects in the future generations, which becomes an ethical issue. Subjecting the future generation to the unknown effects of carbon removal or aerosol dispersal in the atmosphere may cause more harm for we cannot 100% predict the future. Others may argue that geo-engineering may lead to the ensured survival of the future generations. They may live†¦show more content†¦To put it simply, â€Å"Tragedy of the Commons† highlights the rational decisions of an individual to use the common resource without regard for the rest of the people who also utilize it until they have depleted t he common resource as a whole. Also, this concept can be applied to the problem of climate change. A nation or society may continue to release greenhouse gas emissions without regard for the other nations in the world. Later on, the rest of the world, including that nation will suffer due to the rise in temperatures or sea levels and the other effects of climate change. Not only does this concept relate to the actions of a certain group that leads to the harmful effects of climate change, but geo-engineering can also be subjected to the â€Å"tragedy of the commons†. For instance, a country deploys aerosols in the atmosphere or plants reflective crops to mitigate the effects of climate change. Still, the nation next to it may continue to carry out actions without regard to their carbon footprint, since this neighboring nation feels that its neighbor’s geo-engineering technologies are already taking care of the problem. For that reason, the neighboring nationâ₠¬â„¢s lack of regard to the problem can be seen as unethical. Despite the fact that the problem is being addressed by one country, it does not give another nation the right to continue their contribution to the problem. Hence, their rational decision toShow MoreRelatedThe Differences Between Geo Engineering And Negative Transition Technology?954 Words   |  4 Pagesatmospheric concentrations of CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) beyond 450 parts per million (ppm) in the near future; and suggests that to rectify this, substantial emission reductions and wide spread deployment of bio energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) along with other NETs will be required by the second half of the 21st century . 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As a result, various initiatives have been developed in attempts to lessen global warming or climate change, especially those related to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases toRead MoreBusiness Battles : A Domino Effect Essay2084 Words   |  9 PagesMEGACORP WARS- A DOMINO EFFECT ABSTRACT: Business battles has become commonplace in today’s world owing to the quest for power over a myriad of resources. Be it regional, national or global, political and economic feuds have become the status quo for businesses while transacting with others. This article exhibits a study based on the supply and demand of human resources (intellectual capital) in geographic and demographic aspects to gain economic strength. 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Hiv / Aids An Unknown Disease - 1508 Words

Emerging in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS was an unknown disease that spread rapidly throughout the United States. In the beginning not much information was found due to this being a very new disease with a completely unknown background. As decades passed, research has increased as well as the number of cases of people reporting that they are infected. Being that 1 out of every 4 people are infected with HIV/AIDS, this disease has had such an immense impact socially, domestically, as well as politically. Due to this increase in cases, the United States Congress passed the CARE Act (Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act). Named after a young AIDS activist, Ryan White, the CARE Act helps primarily fund health care and support services for†¦show more content†¦While the revision does bring up noticeable and optimistic changes such as the act also being applied to people who are HIV-positive, as well as funds being distributed across the country to rural and urban areas, rebutt als still arise and some senators still oppose this revision. While both sides of the divided senators bring up great points, the question is whether the act should remain the same or should the revision be passed and help contribute to those who are suffering from this dire disease. Being divided on a controversial topic, Senator Mike Enzi, Mary Bono, Nathan Deal, Joe Barton, and Mark Souder are all in favor to pass this revision and move on to continue this battle against HIV/AIDS. All the honorable representatives bring up very interesting point of views on why this reauthorization should be passed. Senator Mike Enzi brings up the point that it is shameful to not include people who are HIV-positive under this act. Doing so will help further contribute to the assistance needed to people who are suffering and can’t afford the proper treatment to help battle both HIV and AIDS. Representative Mary Bono also brings up a very good point saying that, â€Å"The CARE Act has for 1 6 years been a cornerstone of the care, treatment, and support services necessary for the lives of people living with HIV and AIDS. It is vitally important to maintain its support and modernize its approach to ensure it

Current Information Technology Environment Essay Example For Students

Current Information Technology Environment Essay Current IT Environment: As a company that will be operating exclusively in the medical field we need to take a look at the predecessors or forerunners to our company to see what IT systems they used to make them successful. Of course we will only use this information as a model to develop and adapt our own model of IT that will be tailor made for our business. The current model used by medical professionals that are affiliated with our business in a relational way to our product is one used by SCIENTIFIC SEARCH INC. In this business they use : Programmer/Analyst Client Server Relation Databases; Sybase, Oracle, Informix. AS/400 Networking C, C++, UNIX WWW-Web, Java, Perl, HTML Windows NT Powerbuilder Network Manager The application programmer is responsible for designing, coding, testing, and debugging programs to implement new programs and the systems analyst is responsible for the analysis of the current business system, its organization, procedures, work flow, information requirements, and problems. The client server is when application processing is divided between a client, which is typically a personal computer, and a server, which may be a PC, a minicomputer, or a mainframe. (pg. 700) Relation databases (Sybase, Oracle, Informix). Sybase (A UNIX process) is a server and is known as the database engine. It is used as a key in monitoring, diagnostics, security, managing application stored procedures, and managing user accounts. Oracle being derived from Greek mythology means the name of the source of all truth, the answers to all questions which is a database that usually interacts with other applications for such things as manufacturing, human resources, scheduling, and financial stuff. Informix is a software and/or database for corporate computing environments. AS/400 is a client server technology that is used in mission critical business computing. They are only manufactured in two places Rochester, Minnesota and Santa Palomba, Italy. Networking is several PCs that can all access the same database at any time. It allows multiple computers to share information through one common database. Enterprise Networking is developing the needs by which different networks can exchange data. C, C++, UNIX C C++ are both programming languages. C is the programming language that is used for most common applications. C++ is the next generation of C language and is more user friendly. Unix is an operating system that competes with Microsoft Windows but it requires lots of commands. However it is more stable and less likely to crash on you. WWW-Web, Java, Perl, HTML The web is the library of the world it is similar to having an on-line database. Java is a programming language that competes with C++. Perl is another programming language. HTML which stands for hypertext mark-up language is the programming language of the Internet and of all the web pages found on the Internet. Windows NT is an operating system that competes with UNIX and is more user friendly from an interface standpoint. PowerBuilder is: A graphic PC-based client/server application development environment. You can develop front-end applications which access RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) without coding in a 3 GL (3rd Generation Language) such as C or C++. RAD Tool You might have also seen it often referred to as the RAD (Rapid Application Development) tool. In PowerBuilder you can put together a working prototype, for the user to look at, in a fraction of the time it may take for you to do the same in a 3GL (once you have learned PowerBuilder!). That is why it is called a RAD tool. 4GL (4th Generation Language): In a 3GL, you have to write a lot of code to get a few things done. In PowerBuilder you use screens, known as painters, to graphically put together the visual pieces of the application. Then you attach code to this visual piece in a sample basic-like language, called PowerScript. .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 , .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 .postImageUrl , .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 , .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48:hover , .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48:visited , .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48:active { border:0!important; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48:active , .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48 .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc303d4108de28e07bf6ae8d807e74e48:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: English Coursework Essay Thesis Due to the fact that it hides the complexities of a 3GL like this, it is known as a 4GL. Network Manager A person that administers the network. They make sure the computers can talk with one another. These components and technicians are the ones that currently comprise the particular medical landscape in which we endeavor to operate in for success in our business. By reviewing these components carefully we will try to determine if there is anything we can omit .

Minority Groups In The Jungle Essays - Meat Packing Industry

Minority Groups In The Jungle Upton Sinclair, one of America's most important and influential radical voices, wrote The Jungle, a combination of reportorial expose and a salvation through Socialism story. The book has harrowing descriptions of tainted meat, a tainted environment, and the degradation of human labor. The purpose of The Jungle was to make laws come into effect to make meatpacking and food safer, but also educating voters depending on their necessities. However, most of all Sinclair's conversion plot offered a socialist alternative to Packingtown's brutal inequalities that comes along with the images of ?workingmen of America?. These were not only an oppressed class, but they were also being ?used up? by the trusts and in disadvantage in the capitalist jungle. Sinclair was trying to show that the cure to all the problems showed in the book would be a new environment, based on a socialist economy, where cooperation would replace competition. The clues of how the conditions of the minority groups were hideous, start appearing when 1 week after Ona had given birth to her first baby she had to return to work. The lack of rest leads to ?womb trouble? and Sinclair shows us that this is not an isolated case. ?The great majority of women in Packingtown suffered in the same way, and from the same cause.?(Page 108) Good medical treatment was costly and it seemed that ?there never seemed to be an end to the things they had to buy.? (Page 100) At one time it was insurance on the house, then taxes, water fees, etc. All the money that had gotten for the month seemed to run out in no time. There was never an opportunity to save money. Everything they received was always spent. Without savings there was a certain difficulty to find good medical care. The medical care available for the poor was inadequate, so Ona and others with ?womb trouble? often relied in patent medicines of dubious value. One can see how inadequate the conditions a re when we first meet Madame Haupt. ?She was a Dutchwoman, enormously fat ? when she walked she rolled like a small boat on the ocean . . . she wore a filthy blue wrapper, and her teeth were black.? (Page 182) She was their only hope at the price they could afford, $1.25. After 6 weeks digging tunnels, Jurgis has another job injury and ends up in the hospital. After Christmas he is discharged from the hospital even though he was in terrible condition still. At this point Sinclair compares the heartless industries with this public institution. It does not stop here there is more. Child labor was something very typical. Children such as Stanislovas were forced to lie about their age so they would be able to work. At the time Stanislovas was 14 and had to say he was 16. His sister, Kotrina suffered the fate of working-class females. She was 13 and already had o take care of the household. Vilimas and Nikalojas were pulled out of school and began selling newspapers. Jurgis father was al ready old and because of his age and his weakness he could not find a job. Industries said he could not handle the number of forced labor hours. Later he found a job. There he would deal with deadly chemicals. Industrial capitalism is an efficient ?slaughtering machine? that sacrifices its workers. Businesses take no responsibility for their workers. They ?use up? the young and strong and discard the old and weak. ?They had got the best out of them ? they had worn them out, with their speeding up and their carelessness, and now they would throw them away.? (Page 124) Their workers are exposed to awful occupational diseases, but the industries do not even care about protecting their employees. Workers felt the need to begin drinking to ease the pain of the exaggerated amount of energy and force exerted into their jobs. We could even compare the situation of these workers with slaves. However, in this case both the master and its slave had the same color of skin. Masters did not whip his workers, but he would make them work in absurd speeds, which in this case could be

Free Essays on The Story Of An Hour-character Analysis

Is Richards more than a concerned friend? In Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour† I have decided to analyze Richards and Mrs. Mallard. I believe that the story may have led the reader to assume there might be a relationship between them. Although I may not be able to prove this I feel that can raise certain questions that might arouse suspicion. I feel that there is more of a relationship than a friendship between the two. When Richrds heard the news of Bently Mallard’s death, he double-checked the telegram. Was this to ensure himself it was true? Or perhaps to make sure before he went to Mrs. Mallard? I feel like he was excited or anxious about the news that his lover’s husband was now out of the picture. Richards wanted to get to her before anyone else. Did he want to let her know that they could finally be together, or as the story told â€Å"he hastened to forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing sad message.†(Chopin 33)? Either way, it seemed odd that he would not want her family to be with her for support, rather than to let her receive the news alone. A family member seems better suited to attend to a widow who has just found out her husband died, rather than a â€Å"friend of the family†, which the author made Richards out to be. Mrs. Mallard’s emotions or lack of proper emotions, to the news of her husband’s demise seemed to support the idea of an extramarital relationship. â€Å". . . she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her.†(Chopin 33) Was this so no one could witness her excitement over Mr. Mallards death, so they did not see her rejoice at the possibility of being released from the bonds of matrimony that had kept her prisoner? I felt that her chanting â€Å"free, free, free† (Chopin 34) said to the reader that she was free to be with Richards. She admits â€Å"And yet she had loved him . . . sometimes.†(Chopin 34), did she love him when she was not with Richar... Free Essays on The Story Of An Hour-character Analysis Free Essays on The Story Of An Hour-character Analysis Is Richards more than a concerned friend? In Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour† I have decided to analyze Richards and Mrs. Mallard. I believe that the story may have led the reader to assume there might be a relationship between them. Although I may not be able to prove this I feel that can raise certain questions that might arouse suspicion. I feel that there is more of a relationship than a friendship between the two. When Richrds heard the news of Bently Mallard’s death, he double-checked the telegram. Was this to ensure himself it was true? Or perhaps to make sure before he went to Mrs. Mallard? I feel like he was excited or anxious about the news that his lover’s husband was now out of the picture. Richards wanted to get to her before anyone else. Did he want to let her know that they could finally be together, or as the story told â€Å"he hastened to forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing sad message.†(Chopin 33)? Either way, it seemed odd that he would not want her family to be with her for support, rather than to let her receive the news alone. A family member seems better suited to attend to a widow who has just found out her husband died, rather than a â€Å"friend of the family†, which the author made Richards out to be. Mrs. Mallard’s emotions or lack of proper emotions, to the news of her husband’s demise seemed to support the idea of an extramarital relationship. â€Å". . . she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her.†(Chopin 33) Was this so no one could witness her excitement over Mr. Mallards death, so they did not see her rejoice at the possibility of being released from the bonds of matrimony that had kept her prisoner? I felt that her chanting â€Å"free, free, free† (Chopin 34) said to the reader that she was free to be with Richards. She admits â€Å"And yet she had loved him . . . sometimes.†(Chopin 34), did she love him when she was not with Richar...

Pet Overpopulation & The Importance of Spaying & Neutering essays

Pet Overpopulation & The Importance of Spaying & Neutering essays I constantly see dead dogs lying on the side of the road, and others roaming the streets. The ones roaming havent met their fate yet, but it may only be one car or a truck away; and the same holds true for cats. It amazes me how much people want to have a pet, and once they do they forget about taking care of them. They seem to think that the animals can fend for themselves, and they just turn them loose. They are irresponsible of their safety, and their care; this includes spaying and neutering. When pets are free to roam, they are free to breed. And, what happens to the product of all of this free breeding? These unwanted animals are crowding the shelters and it makes me very sad, and angry. Sure, they are out of harms way with a roof over their heads, and food in their stomachs, but they are unloved and unwanted. There are so many that wont be adopted, because there are just too many of them! Unfortunately the alternative is to humanely put them to sleep. I had the misfortune of handling a situation that got out of control. A situation that my dad started when he rescued a litter of abandoned kittens. His neighbors moved and left the kittens behind, and his kind heart took over. Unfortunately he didnt have the insight to think about the future, and what was going to happen down the road. All he thought about were hungry kittens that needed to be taken care of. My dad lives on a fixed income, and he couldnt afford to get 6 cats spayed and neutered, he could barely afford to feed them. Im not even sure it crossed his mind. But the kittens grew up, and they started reproducing. Litter after litter, until there were 12 cats, then they reproduced, and so on. Two years later there were 24 cats, and there would have been more except a few litters died. Looking back on it now, it was probably a blessing. A few of the adults wandered off and never returned, but in the end, there was ...

Madonna and Child by Duccio di Buoninsegna Essay

Madonna and Child by Duccio di Buoninsegna - Essay Example In the painting Madonna and Child Enthroned with Two Angels, the composition has a third dimension. When looking at the painting, one notices that the bases of all the portraits are relatively expanded to give the length. Notably, this applies to all and the pictures seem to be stationed, showing some height from the ground. In addition, the available space is fully utilized as the arc-shaped portrait has no space left. Sitting on the throne, Madonna holds a rose on the right hand and holding the child using her left hand. Similarly, the painting in Madonna and Child portrays a third-dimensional artwork. In addition, the use of different wood types created an effect resembling shadows in the background, showing the third dimension of the painting. Notably, the ceiling of the pictures also creates an effect of a third dimension. Indeed, this is a creative artistic work that appeals to the onlookers.         The human form has been expressed clearly in all the paintings, with most of the physical features that a human being, has shown.   For example, the paintings show a clear form of the human head, eyes, ears, mouth, and nose are properly indicated, Madonna holds the child, thus indicates the human approach towards children. In the paintings, there was an effective use of colors. For example, the human form was painted with different bright colors and light effect to depict different parts of the exposed body and the clothes, which the person wore. For example, in the painting Madonna and Child Enthroned with Two Angels, Madonna’s full dress is painted using a navy blue color, while that of the child is reddish.   The two angels wore greenish attire, with a red strip of cloth cut across their chest, depicting an attire of the clergy. In the other portrait, Madonna wore a black full dress, still holding the child. However, in this painting, the color is not very bright as the people on the background are painted using a faint color.

Free File Sharing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Free File Sharing - Essay Example In this light, all parties involved in the sharing tend to believe that the internet is a free place for them to give away file to their friends and other interested parties. This occurs especially with the new technologies that are coming up, such as peer-to-peer file sharing and other sites. With such events transpiring, some unscrupulous file owners tend to sell the said files for a profit that they get to spend and rip off the original owners of their dues, both in terms of moral support and financially (Biron). This is tantamount to physical and practical theft, which on a moral scale, and according to social norms, is wrong. In addition, morally, it is innate for one to conform to social norms, of which downloading of copyrighted materials is analogous to looting of physical property due to the awareness of the wrongdoing. However, ignorance is no defense and is bliss thus; sharing of copyrighted material over the internet makes, those participating in the issue believe they ar e doing right, but it is wrong. Free file sharing of copyrighted materials leads to the loss of revenue to the all that are involved (Debatepedia). This is concerning the artist not making the amount of financial remuneration that is they should receive. In this light, the artists lose their revenue on a massive scale, meaning that the artists are robbed of their dues, which translates to poor living standards of the said parties. As a result, it is wrong of an individual, in his or her right mind, to deprive another of their deserved standards of living. In relation to the government, the artists that own the copyrighted materials end up making less amounts of money. For this reason, the government rates, which tend to charge higher taxes for increased amounts of revenue, charges the artist less. This means that the government loses large amounts of funds to the pirates that share files for free

How to Write a Research Paper Essay Example for Free

How to Write a Research Paper Essay â€Å"This should be sent to a journal† â€Å"Very good work, but I’m not sure why Alan Bundy hasn’t written this? † Anonymous review: â€Å"Clearly the author fails to understands Walsh’s previous work on this topic† †¢ 1st Lesson †¢ Don’t lose heart †¢ Even if you do everything right, reviewing is imperfect Good papers will be rejected But try to learn from your knock-backs! †¢ †¢ Why you? †¢ Academic career †¢ Publish or perish †¢ Have an impact †¢ †¢ Communicate your results Many have not had the impact they deserve for being bad writers †¢ Writing is fun! Outline †¢ How to get your paper rejected †¢ There are many traps even experienced researchers make Myself very much included †¢ †¢ Hints about how to write a paper †¢ Writing is a craft not a science! How to be rejected †¢ Submit over-length †¢ Blind man: send in 7 pages even though the instructions clearly say 5 Once they see quality of work, they’ll be pleased you sent in more material †¢ How to be rejected Submit over-length †¢ †¢ Diplomatic immunity: put extra 2 pages in appendix Appendices clearly don’t count Similarly, bibliography doesn’t count †¢ †¢ How to be rejected †¢ Submit over-length †¢ LaTeX hacker: †¢ †¢ †¢ change from 11 to 9 point font squeeze inter-line space †¢ No one will ever notice How to be rejected †¢ Submit late †¢ †¢ †¢ Deadlines are meant for everyone else Review schedules have plenty of slack Your paper is worth the wait! How to be rejected †¢ You don’t have room for space wasters like: †¢ Motivation, Background, Related work †¢ Why do review forms always have these on them anyway? How to be rejected †¢ Annoy reader/reviewer †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Proof is trivial, when it isn’t Prove the trivial Fail to cite their work Only cite yourself How to be rejected †¢ Annoy reader/reviewer †¢ Don’t bother to spell check †¢ What do computers know about spelling anyway? †¢ Use all the old cliches †¢ â€Å"There has been a lot of interest recently in global constraints. † How to be rejected †¢ Annoy reader/reviewer †¢ Be pompous, boring, †¢ This is science not literature guys, who said it should be fun? †¢ Be overly formal †¢ Theorems and formulas add weight How to be rejected †¢ Annoy reader/reviewer †¢ Make them really work †¢ After all, these are dif? cult concepts and it took you some time †¢ Ignore reviews †¢ Just keep sending paper in, eventually it will be accepted How to write a paper †¢ Hints about how to write †¢ †¢ †¢ Preparation Writing itself Ethics Preparation †¢ Read, read, read! †¢ To learn how to write, read a lot †¢ I spend over 20% of my time reading †¢ 1 day/week in library Read, Read, Read †¢ Related literature †¢ †¢ †¢ So you can cite it So you don’t re-invent wheels So you know what others think are important research questions Read, Read, Read †¢ Other conference/journal papers where you intend to publish †¢ †¢ So you learn the â€Å"house† style So you can place your work within the bigger picture So you learn how to ask good questions †¢ Read, Read, Read †¢ Any sort of literature †¢ Magazines, novels, biographies, †¢ Writing is a skill, learn from others †¢ I read approx one novel/week as a way of trying to learn how to write And I have the luxury of writing in my own language! †¢ Review, Review, Review †¢ Review as much as you can †¢ †¢ †¢ So you see good/bad writing So you see the newest results (but see ethics) So you ask yourself good questions †¢ What is the contribution here? What are the weaknesses? Write, Write, Write †¢ The best preparation to writing is to write †¢ †¢ Writing gets easier the more you do it Writing is easier if you’ve drafted much of what you already need Writing is the best way to organize your thoughts Writing is a good way to record what you have done. †¢ †¢ Writing †¢ Work out the timetable †¢ †¢ †¢ Rushed papers frequently rejected Late papers are almost always rejected If you always write to deadlines, writing will seem more painful than it is Writing †¢ Work out the message †¢ You should be able to convey this in one sentence †¢ â€Å"We propose a new global constraint, provide a ? ltering algorithm and show it useful on some standard benchmarks† Writing †¢ Work out the message †¢ You should be able to convey this in one sentence †¢ â€Å"We identify an important class of symmetry, and show how to break it† †¢ Write to the message! Writing †¢ Distribute the work †¢ †¢ Play to your strengths If you have a native speaker, have them write intro/conclusion †¢ Write to length †¢ Brutally cut papers are frequently rejected Writing †¢ †¢ Structure paper before you write it I write template for paper with sections and subsection headings ? rst †¢ Intro, Background, Theoretical results, Empirical results, Related work, Conclusions Writing †¢ †¢ Start where you are most happy Often write from the middle outwards †¢ Theoretical results, Experiments, , Conclusions, Introduction, Abstract Writing †¢ †¢ Rule of Three Say everything 3 times! †¢ †¢ †¢ Introduce idea (introduction) Develop idea (body of paper) Summarize result (conclusions) †¢ But don’t copy verbatim the same text! Title †¢ Make it meaningful and brief †¢ †¢ Don’t make a joke Remember someone reading reference needs to be able to work out likely contents Good: the TSP phase transition Bad: Easy Problems are sometimes Hard †¢ †¢ Abstract †¢ Executive summary †¢ Try for one sentence or so on: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Motivation Method Key result Conclusions Introduction †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ What is the problem? Why is it interesting? What are your contributions? What is the outline of what you will show? Introduction †¢ Lure the reader in a with a good ? rst sentence †¢ Bad: There has been a lot of work recently on phase transition behaviour Good: Global constraints are central to the success of constraint programming †¢ Background †¢ Often need to set scene †¢ †¢ †¢ De? ne formalism Get reader up to speed Identify research problem Body of Paper †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Derive theoretical results Propose new algorithm Describe system engineered Results †¢ Bullet proof paper †¢ Theoretical results †¢ Experiments only provide a limited view †¢ Experimental results †¢ Theory doesn’t show if results are useful in practice. Related work †¢ Has many purposes †¢ †¢ †¢ You give proper credit to prior work You are not re-inventing wheel You can compare what you do with what has been done before Conclusions †¢ †¢ Remind reader of what you have done Place work in wider context †¢ â€Å"What general lessons might be learnt from this study? † †¢ Flag all the exciting open research directions Acknowledgements †¢ Thank all who have helped you †¢ Provided code, data sets, †¢ Thank ? nancial sponsors Writing †¢ Keep it simple! †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Active, not passive Present, not past or future Long words Short sentences Writing †¢ Avoid temptation to include every result you have †¢ †¢ †¢ Paper needs to be coherent Paper needs to be understandable Many papers are rejected for having too many results! Ethics of Writing †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Authorship Citation Submission Publication Authorship †¢ Who should be an author? †¢ Anyone who has made a signi? cant contribution May not have written any text! Always err on the side of caution †¢ †¢ Authorship †¢ Who should be an author? †¢ †¢ †¢ Ask! You’ll be surprised how often people refuse You can be sure they’ll not work with you again if they feel they should be Authorship †¢ Should my advisor be an author? †¢ †¢ †¢ In ? rst few years of thesis, probably yes .. Once you graduate, you should (be able to) write papers on your own Again, ask! †¢ Citation †¢ Cite all relevant work †¢ †¢ †¢ Reviews always ask about Related Work You’ll want them to cite you It’s central to the scienti? c method †¢ We stand on the shoulders of others Citation †¢ Do I cite myself for a blind review? †¢ †¢ †¢ Yes! You must credit all previous work Either cite [Author, 2004] Or write â€Å"As Walsh has shown previously [Walsh 2004] † Submission †¢ Can I submit to multiple conferences? †¢ What’s the deal with the disclaimer (†This paper is not under review ..†)? †¢ Can I submit to a journal immediately? †¢ †¢ No hard and fast rules My rule, once reviews are back and paper is effectively in press Publication †¢ Can I publish my conference paper as it is in a journal? †¢ Probably not, even though conference is not archival Most journals ask you to extend conference paper substantially †¢ †¢ Proofs, more experiments, Final words †¢ It takes time to learn how to write †¢ Don’t be put off if at ? rst your have papers rejected All of us have papers rejected †¢ †¢ Spend time learning how to write †¢ It will be worth the investment.

Edith Whartons The Age of Innocence Essay -- Edith Wharton Age Innoce

Edith Wharton's The Age of Innocence â€Å"As he entered the box his eyes met Miss Welland’s, and he saw that she had instantly understood his motive, though the family dignity which both considered so high a virtue would not permit her to tell him so. The persons of their world lived in an atmosphere of faint implications and pale delicacies, and the fact that he and she understood each other without a word seemed to the young man to bring them nearer than any explanation would have done.† (Wharton 16) This statement vividly illustrates the power of the unsaid within New York society during the 1870’s, the time in which The Age of Innocence was set. At that time, there existed a powerful set of rules, regulations, and codes pertaining to one’s conduct that were most often unspoken and, therefore, were never â€Å"formally† outlined. However, this did not in any way lessen the degree to which these standards were adhered to, and, thereby, upheld as if they were carved in the same ston e as the Ten Commandments. Because New York Society did not have much need for religion, other than for rites of passage, the rules of society were to them like rules of their religion. As a woman who was raised in this society, Edith Wharton was able to illustrate with great clarity the influence that the unsaid had when it came to knowing how one should behave if society is to look on them favourably. She further goes on to express the perils of a life lived within these particular codes. In the initial example used in the introduction, which took place in Chapter II of the novel, the reader is not only able to see the reason for Newland Archer’s behaviour, but the example also acts as a method of foreshadowing which alludes to the significant role ... ...nocence, one must only see the power that things left unsaid had in holding together a society such as the one that existed in New York during the time of the novel. Things that went unspoken, but were left to be solved by duty and appropriateness had the ability to act like the glue that held the Newland/Archer family together for a lifetime of children, and a lifetime of existence within a society that would not have accepted it any other way. Until the day before she died, May Welland/Archer acted in accordance with the unspoken rules of society in order to protect herself, her family, her marriage, and even the social structure itself, the very structure which forced her into accepting what life had given her long ago, and had taught her to learn to accept it. Works Cited Wharton, Edith. The Age of Innocence. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York: 1920.

Big Love Essay

This article, â€Å"Big Love, from the set†, by Stanley Kurtz, is about an HBO domestic drama called Big Love. The reader is driven along a path of intrigue about the ever evolving change in people’s perspective on commonly accepted societal values, and the subtle way in which arguments for acceptance of these changes are delivered. The most fundamental institution, marriage, is in this drama, challenged and given, for all practical purposes, a timeline for survival. The co-creators, Will Schaffer and Mark Olsen, have used this show as a media to transform culture by portraying the polygamous Hendrickson family as your typical, good, loving neighbors. To all intents and purposes, Kurtz uses the slippery slope argument, that gay marriage can lead to polygamy. Although he does this with a captivating narrative, he however fails to offer any substantive data to back up some of his views or those portrayed in the drama. In his analysis, Kurtz offers various arguments to support the pro-polygamy view portrayed in the drama. At the very outset, he recounts a position taken by Ginnifer Bowen, one of the main characters. According to her, polygamy is a way out for many women, â€Å"and not a problem in and of itself†. Further, as an anchor to the subtle technique used to sway cultural beliefs, he mentions the effect a gay couple had on legal gay marriage after they appeared on a Dutch honeymoon show. The support polygamy enjoys from the American Civil Liberties Union, is also mentioned by Kurtz. Additionally, he cites the position taken by pro-polygamy advocates, whom he says support punishment of individual abuses, and not the institution itself. Clearly, Kurtz has gone to great lengths to convey the message portrayed in the drama. 2 He has, however, chosen to use aspects of the pro-polygamy view that are very contentious, and for which he does not offer substantive fact. Ginnifer Bowen’s view that polygamy is a solution for many women, for example, is debatable, mainly because it is not supported by any survey or research, and Kurtz should have hesitated before using it in his article, whose readership may include women. The Dutch honeymoon show is another area that Kurtz should have, at the very least, offered some facts and figures. A clearer picture of the subsequent effect the gay couple’s appearance on the show had on people’s position on gay marriage, would have been quite valuable to most readers. It is not enough to say that their appearance was a turning point for same sex marriage. Kurtz also notes the ACLU’s support of polygamy in principle. I believe that this is the kind of credible source that should not be trivialized. If indeed the ACLU supports polygamy in principle, then the author should have researched for an official quote from the ACLU, citing the date and venue such a position was taken. Similarly, the position taken by polygamy advocates on the prosecution of individual abuses and not the castigation of the institution itself, would have merited a quote from a credible source. Kurtz has, however, used the slippery slope argument quite convincingly to convey the hidden meaning behind the drama. He views the drama as an avenue to subtly alter cultural beliefs by staging a production that adulates a polygamous family. By quoting Will Scheffer and 3 Mark Olsen, the co-creators of the show, he lends credence to his article. Their belief in the value of a union, separate from its constitution, is a valuable inclusion in the article because it clearly portrays the whole premise of the drama. It is also obvious from reading the article that Kurtz clearly grasps the intentions of Scheffer and Olsen. He is able to read between the lines and acquaint his readers with the issues involved. The idea that if society can accept gay marriage then it should be able to embrace other types of union, including polygamy and polyamory, is a subject that the author presents quite well. He mentions Tom Hanks, the executive producer of the show, who believes in using â€Å"Big Love† to transform culture. This article is a great service to advocates of a basic, simple way of life, without misconstrued ideas about what is good and bad and who is responsible for telling who. The article educates the reader on the various ways being used by people facing challenging lifestyles and who seek legal acceptance. Using the media to attempt to change people’s beliefs on their culture and customs is dangerous because it works. The new laws that are pro gay all over the world are evidence of this and if not checked, new legislation may be passed to recognize polyamory relationships. Therefore, the advocates of these lifestyles do not seek to create a movement like Martin Luther King did, they intend to use the drug called media that is consumed by everyone all over the world. This then, is the intent of the drama, as portrayed by Kurtz. 4 Work Cited Kurtz, Stanley. â€Å"Big Love, From the Set†. National Review Online. 13 March, 2006. Web. 8 July, 2009.

Simple Des

William Stallings Copyright 2006 Supplement to Cryptography and Network Security, Fourth Edition Prentice Hall 2006 ISBN: 0-13-187316-4 http://williamstallings. com/Crypto/Crypto4e. html 8/5/05 Simplified DES, developed by Professor Edward Schaefer of Santa Clara University [SCHA96], is an educational rather than a secure encryption algorithm. It has similar properties and structure to DES with much smaller parameters. The reader might find it useful to work through an example by and while following the discussion in this Appendix. C. 1 Overview Figure C. 1 illustrates the overall structure of the simplified DES, which we will refer to as SDES. The S-DES encryption algorithm takes an 8-bit block of plaintext (example: 10111101) and a 10-bit key as input and produces an 8-bit block of ciphertext as output. The S-DES decryption algorithm takes an 8-bit block of ciphertext and the same 10-bit key used to produce that ciphertext as input and produces the original 8-bit block of plaintext .The encryption algorithm involves five functions: an initial permutation (IP); a complex function labeled fK, which involves both permutation and substitution operations and depends on a key input; a simple permutation function that switches (SW) the two halves of the data; the function fK again; and finally a permutation function that is the inverse of the initial permutation (IP–1). As was mentioned in Chapter 2, the use of multiple stages of permutation and substitution results in a more complex algorithm, which increases the difficulty of cryptanalysis.The function fK takes as input not only the data passing through the encryption algorithm, but also an 8-bit key. The algorithm could have been designed to work with a 16-bit key, consisting of two 8-bit subkeys, one used for each occurrence of fK. Alternatively, a single 8-bit key could have been used, with the same key used twice in the algorithm. A compromise is to use a 10-bit key from which two 8-bit subkeys are gener ated, as depicted in Figure C. 1. In this case, the key is first subjected to a permutation (P10). Then a shift operation is performed.The output of the shift operation then passes through a permutation function that produces an 8-bit output (P8) for the first subkey (K1 ). The output of the shift operation also feeds into another shift and another instance of P8 to produce the second subkey (K 2 ). We can concisely express the encryption algorithm as a composition1 of functions: which can also be written as: IP-1 o fK2 o SW o fK1 o IP ((( ciphertext = IP-1 fK 2 SW fK1 (IP(plaintext )) where ( K1 = P8 Shift (P10(key )) ! ( ( ))) ) K2 = P8 Shift Shift( P10( key)) )) Decryption is also shown in Figure C. and is essentially the reverse of encryption: ((( plaintext = IP-1 fK1 SW fK 2 (IP(ciphertext )) 1 ))) Definition:! f f and g are two functions, then the function F with the equation y = F(x) = I g[f(x)] is called the composition of f and g and is denoted as F = g o f . C-2 8/5/05 We now examine the elements of S-DES in more detail. C. 2 S-DES Key Generation S-DES depends on the use of a 10-bit key shared between sender and receiver. From this key, two 8-bit subkeys are produced for use in particular stages of the encryption and decryption algorithm. Figure C. 2 depicts the stages followed to produce the subkeys.First, permute the key in the following fashion. Let the 10-bit key be designated as (k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 , k5 , k6 , k7 , k8 , k9 , k10). Then the permutation P10 is defined as: P10(k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 , k5 , k6 , k7 , k8 , k9 , k10) = (k3 , k5 , k2 , k7 , k4 , k10, k1 , k9 , k8 , k6 ) P10 can be concisely defined by the display: 3 5 2 7 P10 4 10 1 9 8 6 This table is read from left to right; each position in the table gives the identity of the input bit that produces the output bit in that position. So the first output bit is bit 3 of the input; the second output bit is bit 5 of the input, and so on.For example, the key (1010000010) is permuted to (1000001 100). Next, perform a circular left shift (LS-1), or rotation, separately on the first five bits and the second five bits. In our example, the result is (00001 11000). Next we apply P8, which picks out and permutes 8 of the 10 bits according to the following rule: P8 6 3 7 4 8 5 10 9 The result is subkey 1 (K1 ). In our example, this yields (10100100) We then go back to the pair of 5-bit strings produced by the two LS-1 functions and perform a circular left shift of 2 bit positions on each string. In our example, the value (00001 11000) becomes (00100 00011).Finally, P8 is applied again to produce K2 . In our example, the result is (01000011). C. 3 S-DES Encryption Figure C. 3 shows the S-DES encryption algorithm in greater detail. As was mentioned, encryption involves the sequential application of five functions. We examine each of these. Initial and Final Permutations The input to the algorithm is an 8-bit block of plaintext, which we first permute using the IP function: IP 2 6 3 1 4 8 5 7 This retains all 8 bits of the plaintext but mixes them up. At the end of the algorithm, the inverse permutation is used: C-3 8/5/05 1 3 IP–1 57 2 8 6 It is easy to show by example that the second permutation is indeed the reverse of the first; that is, IP–1(IP(X)) = X. The Function fK The most complex component of S-DES is the function fK, which consists of a combination of permutation and substitution functions.The functions can be expressed as follows. Let L and R be the leftmost 4 bits and rightmost 4 bits of the 8-bit input to fK, and let F be a mapping (not necessarily one to one) from 4-bit strings to 4-bit strings. Then we let fK(L, R) = (L ! F(R, SK), R) where SK is a subkey and ! s the bit-by-bit exclusive-OR function. For example, suppose the output of the IP stage in Figure C. 3 is (10111101) and F(1101, SK) = (1110) for some key SK. Then fK(10111101) = (01011101) because (1011) ! (1110) = (0101). We now describe the mapping F. The input is a 4-bi t number (n 1 n2 n3 n4 ). The first operation is an expansion/permutation operation: 4 1 2 E/P 32 3 4 1 For what follows, it is clearer to depict the result in this fashion: n4 n2 n1 n3 n2 n4 n3 n1 The 8-bit subkey K1 = (k11, k12, k13, k14, k15, k16, k17, k18) is added to this value using exclusiveOR: n4 ! 11 n2 ! k15 n1 ! k12 n3 ! k16 n2 ! k13 n4 ! k17 n3 ! k14 n1 ! k18 p0,1 p1,1 p0,2 p1,2 p0,3 p1,3 Let us rename these 8 bits: p0,0 p1,0 The first 4 bits (first row of the preceding matrix) are fed into the S-box S0 to produce a 2bit output, and the remaining 4 bits (second row) are fed into S1 to produce another 2-bit output. These two boxes are defined as follows: C-4 8/5/05 0 S0 = 1 2 3 0 â€Å"1 $3 $0 $3 # 1 0 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 3 3 2% 0†² 3†² 2†² ; 0 S1 = 1 2 3 0 â€Å"0 $2 $3 $2 # 1 1 0 0 1 23 2 3% 1 3†² 1 0†² 0 3†² & The S-boxes operate as follows.The first and fourth input bits are treated as a 2-bit number that specify a row of the S-box, and the s econd and third input bits specify a column of the Sbox. The entry in that row and column, in base 2, is the 2-bit output. For example, if (p0,0p0,3) = ! (00) and (p0,1p0,2) = (10), then the output is from row 0, column 2 of S0, which is 3, or (11) in binary. Similarly, (p1,0p1,3) and (p1,1p1,2) are used to index into a row and column of S1 to produce an additional 2 bits. Next, the 4 bits produced by S0 and S1 undergo a further permutation as follows: P4 2 4 3 1 The output of P4 is the output of the function F.The Switch Function The function fK only alters the leftmost 4 bits of the input. The switch function (SW) interchanges the left and right 4 bits so that the second instance of f K operates on a different 4 bits. In this second instance, the E/P, S0, S1, and P4 functions are the same. The key input is K2 . C. 4 Analysis of Simplified DES A brute-force attack on simplified DES is certainly feasible. With a 10-bit key, there are only 2 10 = 1024 possibilities. Given a ciphertex t, an attacker can try each possibility and analyze the result to determine if it is reasonable plaintext. What about cryptanalysis?Let us consider a known plaintext attack in which a single plaintext (p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 , p5 , p6 , p7 , p8 ) and its ciphertext output (c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 , c5 , c6 , c7 , c8 ) are known and the key (k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 , k5 , k6 , k7 , k8 , k9 , k10) is unknown. Then each ci is a polynomial function gi of the pj ‘s and kj ‘s. We can therefore express the encryption algorithm as 8 nonlinear equations in 10 unknowns. There are a number of possible solutions, but each of these could be calculated and then analyzed. Each of the permutations and additions in the algorithm is a linear mapping.The nonlinearity comes from the S-boxes. It is useful to write down the equations for these boxes. For clarity, rename (p0,0, p0,1,p0,2, p0,3) = (a, b, c, d) and (p1,0, p1,1,p1,2, p1,3) = (w, x, y, z), and let the 4-bit output be (q, r , s, t) Then the operati on of the S0 is defined by the following equations: q = abcd + ab + ac + b + d r = abcd + abd + ab + ac + ad + a + c + 1 where all additions are modulo 2. Similar equations define S1. Alternating linear maps with these nonlinear maps results in very complex polynomial expressions for the ciphertext bits, making cryptanalysis difficult.To visualize the scale of the problem, note that a polynomial equation in 10 unknowns in binary arithmetic can have 210 possible terms. On average, we might therefore C-5 8/5/05 expect each of the 8 equations to have 29 terms. The interested reader might try to find these equations with a symbolic processor. Either the reader or the software will give up before much progress is made. C. 5 Relationship to DES DES operates on 64-bit blocks of input. The encryption scheme can be defined as: IP-1 o fK16 o SW o fK15 o SW oL o SW o f K1 o IPA 56-bit key is used, from which sixteen 48-bit subkeys are calculated. There is an initial permutation of 64 bits foll owed by a sequence of shifts and permutations of 48 bits. Within the encryption algorithm, instead of F acting on 4 bits (n1 n2 n3 n4 ), it acts on 32 bits (n1 †¦n32). After the initial expansion/permutation, the output of 48 bits can be diagrammed as: n32 n4 †¢ †¢ †¢ n28 n1 n5 n29 n2 n6 †¢ †¢ †¢ n30 n3 n7 n4 n8 n31 n32 n5 n9 †¢ †¢ †¢ n1 This matrix is added (exclusive-OR) to a 48-bit subkey. There are 8 rows, corresponding to 8 S-boxes. Each S-box has 4 rows and 16 columns.The first and last bit of a row of the preceding matrix picks out a row of an S-box, and the middle 4 bits pick out a column. C-6 10-bit key ENCRYPTION DECRYPTION P10 8-bit plaintext 8-bit plaintext Shift IP-1 IP K1 fK P8 K1 fK Shift SW SW K2 fK P8 K2 fK IP–1 IP 8-bit ciphertext 8-bit ciphertext Figure C. 1 Simplified DES Scheme 10-bit key 10 P10 5 5 LS-1 LS-1 5 5 P8 K1 8 LS-2 LS-2 5 5 P8 K2 8 Figure C. 2 Key Generation for Simplified DES 8-bit plaintext 8 IP 4 fK 4 E/P 8 F 8 + 4 4 2 K1 2 S0 S1 P4 4 + 4 SW 4 fK 4 E/P 8 F 8 + 4 4 2 K2 2 S0 S1 P4 4 + 4 IP–1 8 8-bit ciphertext Figure C. 3 Simplified DES Encryption Detail

Death Race Cast Interview Essays

Death Race Cast Interview Essays Death Race Cast Interview Paper Death Race Cast Interview Paper Death Race Analysis Commentary The film Death Race was launched in 2008 and was directed by Paul W. S. Anderson, with the stars being Jason Statham and Tyrese Gibson. The plot of the film is set partly in the busy streets of America and mostly at the Terminal Island penitentiary where the prisoners are the main characters. The gladiator game, Death Race consists of drivers who fight for their freedom on the track. Jensen Ames (Jason Statham), a former NASCAR driver, is framed for murdering his wife and jailed at Terminal Island to make the race lively and increasing ratings. Together with Machine Gun Joe (Tyrese Gibson), they hatch a plot to escape the prison in the middle of the final race. The movie culminates in the death of the warden in a bomb blast and the in the final scene, Jensen Ames and Machine Gun Joe reunite in Mexico. The film is very interesting and action-packed. How much time did you use in perfecting your roles as convicts and drivers? Jason Statham: I am particularly interested in cars, especially German made automobiles. Every vehicle that I own is German. The selection of the Mustang for Death Race came as a surprise for me but then again, driving is driving so I was comfortable with it. Therefore, the driving part was rather easy for me. As for taking on the role of a convict, it was slightly more difficult, and I had to prepare myself mentally. Tyrese Gibson: The driving experience was the most in the Death Race set as I was not that used to high-speed racing but I managed to handle it well enough. The convict role was rather easy for me; I have played several roles, as an inmate so I understood what was required (Berardinelli, 2008). Death Race had many frightening scenes involving car stunts, fistfights and near-death conflicts. Tell us some of your memorable moments in the film shooting. Jason Statham: The car stunts involved breathtaking 360 turns that was quite difficult to achieve while shooting fellow drivers. At one time, I was driving at about 160 km/h that was extremely daring and required my full concentration. Racing and fighting other people was also a new and exciting memory for me. Tyrese Gibson: The driving experience was a rather hair-raising experience. I had many moments when fellow drivers gave me a fright, when they shot at my Dodge ram, but I eventually got used to it. Jason Statham was excellent in his command of the vehicle so all I had to do was follow his lead. The combination of driving and combat was very exciting (Ebert, 2008). Are there any actors or producers on and off the set that you would like to work with again in the near future? Jason Statham: Tyrese Gibson is definitely at the top of my list of people in Death Race that I would consider for another action film. Hiss aggression and determination convinced me to improve my own acting skills and together, we were a terrific team. I also look forward to working with upcoming directors such as Michael Mann and Scorsese. Tyrese Gibson: Statham, Tom Cruise and Stallone are just some of the people I would look up when I need to grow my acting career. My previous experience with action movies has reinforced my belief that I can fit in the field without many problems (Borys, 2007). Did you undergo any training programs that were related to the shooting of Death Race? Jason Statham: Yes. We were subjected to physical training sessions by Logan Hood, an extremely intense ex-Navy trainer. We went through body weight distribution, push-ups and squats to get us physically ready for the shoot. We were also kept on a strict vegetarian diet that consisted of a lot of proteins and fruits. Tyrese Gibson: The movie set had a training program that left me very fit and ready to take on physical scenes. I used to wake up at 5am to go for gym sessions and then later on prepare for the film. The stunts in the movie were easy to execute, although I must say I had one or two bruises, but no major injuries were recorded in the whole set. Do you feel that acting is the best career for you currently? Jason Statham: Most definitely. I have always wanted to do many things behind the camera ever since I was in college. Of course, I did not attend drama school and my acting career started all of sudden when Guy Ritchie gave me a part so I must say I was at the right place at the right time. However, I have come to learn how to be a good actor, and it is that and God that keeps me vigilant and aware of the changes in the industry (Koehler, 2008). Tyrese Gibson: I had always wanted to get on television and feature in a movie. I had acted a couple of times, but the Death Race experience was very new to me. I consider myself a very competent actor as I have taken various roles and performed them satisfactorily. I have been acting for many years now, and I can say that it has been the best time of my life so I think that it is my career at currently (Tinneny, 2008). Lastly, do you have any plans concerning the release of any films that we might look out for in the near future? Jason Statham: Yes, I have Crank 2 that I just finished shooting last week so viewers should look out for that. Tyrese Gibson: I have some minor roles to play in a few movies alongside some other major artists but for now, I am planning to work on my music and release an album. Thank you. References Berardinelli J. (2008) Death Race. Retrieved from reelviews.net Borys Kit (2007). â€Å"Statham in ‘Death Race’ driver’s seat†. Retrieved from hollywoodreporter.com Ebert R. (2008). Death Race. Retrieved from http://rogerebert.suntimes.com Koehler R. (2008). Death Race. Retrieved from variety.com Lee N. (2008) Death Race. Retrieved from http://movies.nytimes.com Tinneny T. (2008). â€Å"Death Race: The Set Visit!† Retrieved from comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php

Grade School Science Fair Project Ideas

Grade School Science Fair Project Ideas Do you need a great idea for a  science fair project? This is a collection of grade school science fair project ideas submitted by readers: Lemons Batteries Can you use a lemon, wire, and a a human to test it on to make a battery using their saliva? If so, how does it work? Results -yes, you can make an electric shock. - Jordan Kasulas mold How long does it take different types of food to grow mold? Why? Do the ingredients affect how fast it grows mold? - Jordan Kasulas Can You Prevent Dust? Dust one half of a dusty table with a damp cloth. Dust the other half of the table using a product meant to remove and help prevent dust. Compare the appearance of the table after time. Do both sides of the table get dusty at the same rate? - PlaysWithMatches Which Diaper brand holds the most water? Get different diaper brands like Pampers,Huggies, Pull-Ups, etc. Fill in about 3 cups of water and which ever leaks the least is the diaper that can hold the most water!! x] - Wait Meh Can you change a chicks colors? Yes you can, if you put dye in the egg after Day 18 the chicks come out all sorts of colors. This one has won school and District science fair as well. - Dylan Do Pigs stink? This project has won my school and District Science fairs. I took two pigs. One I let get as dirty as it wanted rolling in mud and gunk. The other one I kept washed and in a very clean pen. After several weeks I rubbed a rag on both and determined, No they dont have sweat glands..So its the poop and pee that stinks. - Dylan creating bubble I use baking soda, water, and salt. Youre supposed to measure them and see which one can bubble more and wait till 5 seconds and shake it then the bubbles come up. - tania do cooked beans grow! Do cooked beans grow? This project is great, so try it and see if you like it. - Guest tresure Does color affect melting? Take like about 3 different colored ice-cubes (color them with food coloring) and put them in 3 cups of water. Put all 3 cups outside in the heat or inside your house and record your data on which one melts fastest or slowest. - Mika gum What kind of gum will blow the biggest bubble after chewing for 2 minutes? - tash599 Rain or tap. Okay get some rain water and tap water and start to grow some plants and see which has a greater effect on the plant. - Only the one beans Get beans and try them in different liquids and see which bean with liquid grows more roots. - y family EGG Place one cup of water with salt and one cup without salt. Put an egg in each one. Which one sinks, which one rises? - fart man 2 fruits!!!! o my Will fruits and vegetables stay fresh longer if they are in or out of the refrigerator? - lily candles Get your mom or dad to buy one white candle and a red candle (you can buy any color) and see which burns faster. - nikki which type of popcorn pops faster? act2 or pop secret? Its a really fun experiment. Try it! - leia209 soggy potatoes You have two potatoes and one goes in a cup of water and the other one goes in a cup of water with salt. You see which one gets soggier. Its very easy and FUN! - shoppa loppa ding dong POP POP POP You take as many different kinds of popcorn as you like, then see which popcorn pops the most!!!:) - awesome me!!:) my paper towel is better then yours You get 5 different brands of paper towels and see how much water it can hold, once it breaks then thats the end of that one. My friend and I did it twice for all the paper towels because we wanted to make sure. Thank you for reading my project. - keely color changing flowers Get a white flower (best if dry). Put it in a vase without water. Pour water and food coloring. Wait a day or two. It will be a different color. - shadow the hedgehog Battery Toy Take one toy that needs batteries and use Energizer batteries first and the second time use something else like Kodak. Time each use of the toy with each brand of batteries. Try to find out which battery works longer. Problem Statement: Which battery makes the toy work longer? - Julianna102.webs.com Candle You could maybe gather a few candles during cold weather, Place one inside, and one somewhere niether cold nor warm, and see which one burns out faster or which one burns the candle completely faster. - Salem Decaying Teeth Put fake teeth into a Coke can, a Pepsi can and a Mountain Dew can. See which one decays the teeth faster. - becky stop the rot Which preservative keeps apples freshest the longest: salt, water, air? Air is the perservative that keeps the apple fresh the longest. - cheermonkey Can oil control the evaporation of water I did this 4-7th grade. It is so easy. All you do is take 4 containers of water and put 10 drops of oil in the first one, 6 in the second one, 4 in the third one and 0 in the fourth one and record how much evaporation occurs in each container over 5 days. - you only wish you knew grass grows well Take one type of grass. Put 5 of those seeds in one pot. Do the same thing to other pot. Put one pot in an extremely bright window. Put the other pot in front of a cold window sill. Check your results every 2 days. Record the results. - farting is awesome sensitivity smell Do people have the same sensitivity to smell? Place people at one end of a room. Have another person open a scent, such as lemon oil or vinegar. Have your test subjects write down what they smell and what time they smelled it. Is the time the same for different scents? Does it matter whether the test subject was male or female? - jamie DOOOGGGG Can you teach an old dog a new trick - result...do it and find out! - I AM KELSEY!!!!! Marigolds of Juice Soda Milk and Water Get a small package of marigold seeds and put them in the same size pots and same amount of soil and same amount of sun. Now enter 1 cup of water in the first marigold pot, label it A.Then put 1 cup of soda in plant B.After that put 1 cup of milk in plant C.Finally put 1 cup of juice in plant D.Record your data of your conclusions...then repeat the project several more times until you find which plant (A,B,C,and D) has grown the largest and healthiest. - Ann grow Grow GROW Which grass seed grows the fastest (Please put this science fair project into your own words. Thanks) - Mary EFFECT ON BALLONS Get sugar and a balloon. Take the balloon and rub it on the wall, then take a plate and put sugar on it. Rub the balloon 10 times on the wall, then lay it on the sugar and see if the sugar is going to stick to the balloon. - TAYLOR DELAHOUSSAYE Water does tap water freeze faster than salt water-yes tap water does cause salt water takes longer to freeze cause it has salt i it. - Karma hoops does the placement of the hoops affect the distance a hoop glider will travel - shadow6452103 simple project which type of object is heavier? Use three different types of object and drop them. See which drops faster - trewimage gum galore buy 3 packs of mint gum have 3 people chew the gum for 5 min then take their temperature to see if the mint changes the temperature of their mouth - #$%!^ * H or C? Soda Carbonation You have to open 2 sodas and put one in the freezer and put one outside and then u c which is fizziest - fluffybunnyishappy SOCKS !!!!!!! After what kind of workout what kinds of socks give blisters. I did this and got 1rst place in the international science fair plus its simple and easy. - jmdofns Does temperature affect freezing levels? Yes, because the ice water would have a lower freezing point than hot water! - Guest stress Which age is stressed out the most? Get a teen and a grownup and interview them both. Then find out which one gets stressed more! - hi :) popcorn This science experiment is fun, edible and easy. You just take several kinds of popcorn and see what popcorn pops the most kernels. - coutney Do cooked beans grow? Do cooked beans grow? No, they dont because they are boiled and the cells are dead. - trevor Seashells A collection and classification of seashells with a report. - ***Sam*** Who listens in class the boys or girls? Well you first see who studies in class. For example if one of girls pays attention in class you put down a point and the same goes for the boys. After you have your data then you can see if the boys or girls pay more attention! - Blanca Quiroz Marin Egg In A Bottle This is fun and very easy. :) You will need a milk bottle,a hard-boiled egg, a piece of paper, and matches. Light a peice of paper with a match and drop the paper in the bottle.put the egg quickly on the top of the bottle. Then plop! The egg falls inside. If you want to get the egg out rinse inside the bottle. Put the bottle upside down and blow into it hard. Move your face after. Have fun!!!! ;) - Someone what type of chocolate melts faster What type of chocolate melts faster? This is simply fun for only 2 reasons: 1 you get to eat the chocolate sauce and 2 because it will get you a a(hons). This is so fun and yum seriously try it youll get the bast results ever... - tayla pop go the kernels! Which brand of popcorn pops and leaves the fewest amount of not popped kernels: popsecret, act 2,or orville redanbacher? - cutie pie fried egg You put an egg on the sidewalk and see if it fries!!! - sarah Magnetic Fields How big is the magnetic field for a refrigerator magnet? - Sahil Mehta Different types of Bridges Find different types of bridges on google then build a popsicle bridge - Kylie My idea Get different brands of napkins and soak them with 20 drips then see which one soaks more and which one didnt. - WOW! yeast try this and see in what temp does yeast work best 1:make bread dough with yeast. 2: put an equal amount of dough in same size bowls. 3: put them in different temp. 4:measure them every 30 min. - sammy THE SWING OF THINGS WHICH KIND OF BAT WILL HIT THE BALL FARTHEST ALUMINUM OR WOOD? - OHIO STATE human behavior How does lack of sleep affect human behavior? - jadeeeee What protects an egg the most? Get different things to make a nest or holder type thing and drop it from a high distance. See what protects it and what doesnt :) - PaTiEnCe_NiCoLe Ants lay out food in front of an athill and see which food ants like more. - 1234 Liquids and plants Water 3 of the same plant with 3 different liquids (you choose the liquids) which one grows better (use water :) - sciencenerd222 ice cubes my friend and i tested which drink (apple juice, water, sprite and gatorade) would melt an ice cube the fastest. My friend and i made it to the regional science fair and we got 2nd. Its pretty simple but remember to keep a log book.! - DOGFREAK :) How To Take Care Of A Egg Help The Egg As If You Were A Mother Or Father. After 3 Weeks You Take The Egg With You Every Where You Go. Start To Ask Test The Reactions Of A Male Holding An Egg Or The Female. Then Make A Chart On How People Act. Then Finally Make A Hypothesis Before This Process To See If Youre Right - Reinaldo I SCREAM FOR ICE CREAM !!! Ok well If your reading this your looking for a science Project well this is a GREAT one to do its Fun and Yummy :) This is what you do 1. u buy 5 different Types of icecream And test what one Melts the fastest You can see if The chocolate Chunks or the cookie dough Change the Affect 2. Write the Test Things Down after a hour or 2 and take pics that helps them now what your atlking about... lol. 3. thats about it ohh ya then you eat it :) This is real fun to do with a Partner !!!! I hope this helped :) - Micaela my idea Can you use pumice as flooring in flooded areas, doghouses? - jordan kasulas glow water take tonic water and a black light and you have a cool glow drink - kitty 8th grade project idea me and my friend are doing our science fair project on if the music you listen to before you go to bed affects your dreams! (: - Sami Gum Flavor I am going to do a gum flavor project! I AM Gonna C Which 1 Has LONG LASTING FLAVOR! - Caitlyn bread molding easy fun a every time first get a bunch of different types of bread wheat, white, rye, whatever put each in plastic bag watch - katie Light things on fire Light different things on fire and see which one takes the most damage. EXAMPLE MATERIALS: Trees, houses, people, plants, animals, food, soda - Ami txt plus drive do three different things in this: txt plus drive,speaker phone drive, and regular phone drive - joshua Which fabric burns the fastest! pick five or whatever different types of fabrics and burn them to see wich one burns faster by recording the type of each fabric and be careful have a parent when you do this with you! - mari plants get four plants put one in total darkness one in alot of sunshine and one with alot of water and one with no water - itz hayley water time!!! me and my friend had to do a clock using water it was very simple all you need is a friend water and paper cups - bubbles Fish Food Put dead shrimp into a container and alive shrimp in the other and see which shrimp the fish luvs better - Grace What is heavier water or blood? First put some water in a cup and some blood in a cup,then pour the blood in the cup with the water and see if the blood will sink or float. If the blood sinks that means that water is heaver than blood and if the blood floats that means that blood is heaver than water. - Ryian Special Gum Get any kind of gum get at least 2-4 packs of gum and let as much people as you want and take their temperature before they eat the gum wait for a minute then take their temperature and see if its HOT COLD OR NORMAL - Patrice1113 cuckoo Do cuckoo clocks sound different if they are the different sizes? - Jasmine 6th grade project idea i did a project on the skeletal system and why do animals need bones ? but if you like animals like me and your an animal freak you should try it and i actually got 1st place in this project ! - Brianna . T Freeze It! Take four Philadelphia Cream Cheese containers (and make sure theyre empty) and fill them up each with orange juice, apple cider, water, and olive oil. See which one freezes fastest. Check every fifteen minutes and change the temperature once you found out how fast it took for them to freeze. - Sailormoonfan Plop, Plop, Fizz Fast See what temperature an Alka - Seltzer fizzes longest. Go to science buddies for more info. - no name Mentos First make chalk lines on a wall to measure how high the soda goes and put the same type of mentos in both one soda diet coke and the other reg. coke which goes higher? - Science fair got an A boats does the kind of paper a boat is made from affect its length of floating - me What structure will hold a tower better? It can be straws, toothpicks or even wood rods. And the tower can be made of clay or paper or even cardboard too. - Nayeli Does your smell affect your taste? Have someone plug there nose and eat something. Can they taste it? - The Beast May the strongest win! see which elmers glue is the strongest. i won 3rd place last year doing this one. - Kaitlynn Wilson Bubbles! The effect of temperature on how long soap bubbles last. - Mackenz Water with stain Tee shirts, marker, water: See if cool water or warm water stains best. - Shakivikiou Laundry Detergent Is laundry detergent as effective if you use less than the recommended amount? More? - Nicole Makeup Qualities Take a nice brand of makeup (it can be mascara, eye shadow or blush) then get the same kind of makeup at a drugstore (basically any store that sells makeup!) and try out both of the makeups on your mom, your guardian, sister(s), or your self! and then see which make up is a better quality!! [this science project is a good excuse to get new makeup: )] - ~No Name Listed~ sinking and floating use sodas and diet sodas and see which one floats or sinks trust me it is awsome i am a 6 grader trust me ppl out their looking for project ideas that are middle schoolers peace out my science buddies bye bye xoxoxo - vere Lemon or Lime You can see whether a lemon or lime can turn on a light. You can Attach some wires (thin wires) and cut the lemon or lime together to see whether the lime or lemon turns on the light - flowers Get Science Fair Project Help

Quiz Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Quiz - Research Paper Example Allen transferred the possession of the car to the parking garage, while he retained the ownership of the car. The relationship established between Mr. Allen and the Hyatt Regency-Nashville parking garage is not a gift relationship. This is because, it is only the possession of the car which was transferred from Mr. Allen to the parking garage, while the formation of a gift relationship requires that both the ownership of the chattel or property is also transferred, when the possession is transferred from the owner of the property to the trustee (Powell, 273). There are several conditions that must be fulfilled for the establishment of a bailment relationship between the owner and the possessor of the property, for the relationship to qualify as a bailment. First, it is required that the bailee (possessor) of the property must intend to posses the property or the chattel (Powell, 272). Secondly, it is required that the bailee(possessor ) must actually and physically possess the property or chattel that has been transferred from the owner, as opposed to the gift relationship, where the physical chattel can remain with the owner, but the rights and ownership transferred to the trustee (Powell, 272). Therefore, according to the facts of the case Allen V Hyatt Regency-Nashville, a bailment relationship was created between Mr. Allen and the Hyatt Regency-Nashville parking garage, considering the fact that the parking garage had indicated the intention to possess the car parked by Mr. Allen, through the notice "Welcome to Hyatt Regency-Nashville" together with a sign marked "Parking." This way, the public was invited to utilize the parking, an indication of the intent of the commercial parking garage to possess the car. Secondly, the facts of the case meets the second requirement of the law for the fulfillment of a bailment providing that the property or the chattel must be physically possessed by the

Reaction paper of Thiefing a Chance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reaction paper of Thiefing a Chance - Essay Example cal prospect is quite innovative, as she risks participating in the clandestine activities for the purpose of properly comprehending and learning the scope of the practice. Moreover, her analysis is pertinent because it outlines how this institutional ploy is not an oppositional scheme directed against the employer or the capitalist system (Prentice 2009). However, Prentice outlines that these women perceive â€Å"thiefing a chance† as a merely ethically justifiable act since, unlike absolute theft, it depends on their labor. Thus, this practice accomplishes their cultural ideals that date from the Caribbean work histories in which ethical rights to individual dependence and autonomy, however illegal, are immensely prized and accepted as in Creole economics. As regards Prentice’s case, the prescribed comprehension of the ethical sphere of the economy of Trinidad would not discourage illegal activity (Prentice 2009). However, numerous other Caribbean societies punish petty theft in respect of labor and entrepreneurial knowhow. Additionally, Prentice’s article bears various linkages to Browne’s study. II thus believe that the study is also innovative and qualifies as a stimulating and resourceful material that offers different cases and explicates on them according. Notably, diverse kinds of grassroots initiatives to inculcate pressure on the ethical sphere occur when volunteer affiliations aim at compensating the insufficiency of capitalist markets to deliver public merchandise. This article offers the Halperin’s instance of extreme gifting in Cincinnati that depicts grass root group involvement in running a charter school. I trust that this is an interesting prospect to highlight. Moreover, as Halperin argues, I bear true that unrecognized or unknown ethical economies may blossom. Eventually, I presume that Mauss’s notion of a gift economy requires formulation to contain gift micro economies that emanate in the context of neoliberal entrepreneurship.

Health issues and reforms Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health issues and reforms - Assignment Example Additionally, the paper outlines other crucial aspects of health economics not discussed in the videos and other appropriate objective functions. Discussion 1. The three videos discussed the cost effectiveness and recommendations for modern health care. The videos are relevant because they dealt with modern issues of economics and how they can be improved. The narrators talked about where the government might start to improve the system’s efficiency. It is believed that systems of health care lack equity and are costly. Every person is responsible in the structure of the health care system today1. In the present world, doctors cannot understand everything. It is believed that the most expensive treatments are the best, which is not true. With the help of doctors, everyone should involve in shaping up the health care system. Better health care control should have the following elements: ability to flag out failures and success of current techniques, ability to develop solutions for health care problems, and ability to employ solutions worldwide. Health care groups must embrace teamwork, and use checklists to ensure every patient follows protocol. The three videos also differed in certain aspects. Ms. Rebecca Onie discussed the relationship between difficulties in socio-economic and the kind of risky prone people. She emphasizes on incompetency among nurses and doctors whom the society trust. Administrative specialists and social workers have been sidelined yet they possess expertise and knowledge in getting things done. However, Eric Dishman, talks about his personal experience to illustrate the point of reinventing the health care system around the world. Compared to other videos, he used his personal experience to pass issues in health economics2. Atul Gwande emphasized on the effectiveness of cost in health care. 2. Other health issues not addressed in the three videos include: availability of care which accounts for 11 percent in the world. Another is sue is corporate bureaucracy which accounts 11 percent. Also, errors in medicine have not been addressed. Medical errors accounts for 11% of health economic issues. Consequently, prescription to drug cost forms a major health concern in the world. 3. Allocating resources optimally depends on what the consumer needs to achieve. All models of health economics must have objective functions, even when states implicitly. The objective functions must specify resources distribution at hand. For instance, in maximizing health, health care is differently allocated from the normal if the objective were to satisfy those that are severely. Models of health economics make assumptions on the relationship between outputs and inputs. The objective that needs to be achieved is the maximization of health care3. The key input factors are medicinal drugs(X) and human capital (Y). The constraints accompanying these objectives are the cost of health and technology. Max U=f (x2y) s.t x2 + y2 =24 Constrain t 1: x, y ? 24 Constraint 2: x, y ? 0 U= x2y-?(x2 + y2 -24) F.O.C for x 2xy-2 ? x=0---1 F.O.C for y x2-2 ?y=0----2 F.O.C for ? x2 + y2 -24=0----3 Solving the equation. 2xy-2 ? x=0-----4 2xy/2x=? ?=y x2-2 ?y=0--------5 x2=2 ?y ?= x2/2y y= x2/2y 2 y2= x2 Substituting in 3 2 y2+y2=24 y2=8 x2=16 x=4 y=8^ (1/2) 4. Some of the crucial constraints facing the health system include: severe deficiency in trained health employees. This undermined the effort to provide better health care. Lack of financial support to set up isolation facilities and drug purchase is

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay Example for Free

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay Eleanor Roosevelt will always be remembered in history as the first woman to make a difference in the status of first lady. She was born in 1884 and died in 1962 and all through her life showed tremendous courage in facing what happened to her. Her childhood may be seen as having influenced her later life. It is considered to have been influential in shaping her life and her approach towards the problems evident in society. She was born in a very wealthy family because both sides of her family were very wealthy and also renowned families. However, her adult life defied the expectations of her class in society. She did not behave as the rest of her class members did. She did what they would not do due to their status in society. She was born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt in 1884 to Anna Hall and Elliot Roosevelt in New York. Her mother was famous for her beauty and was disappointed in Eleanor’s looks because she was not as beautiful or graceful as she wanted her to be. As a result, they did not become close in the short time they spent together. Her father was the younger brother to President Theodore who later actually gave Eleanor in her wedding since her parents were already dead by then (http://www. pbs. rg). Her mother died in 1892 when Eleanor was only 8 years old. Her relationship with her father was a bit better because he did not criticize her looks. They were however not very close because of marital problems experienced between him and Anna and hence ended up not communicating a lot with Eleanor. After the death of her mother, she moved in with her maternal grandmother and hence, instead of closing the rift between her and her father this ended up widening it. He died in 1894 when she was 10 years old due to drinking related problems. His behavior had led to his being disowned by his family. She had private tutors until the age of 15 when she joined Allenwood a finishing school where she met her mentor Madame Marie Sourvesre. She traveled all over Europe with her and she was the one who taught Eleanor â€Å"the lifestyle of an independent woman† (PBS 1999). She returned to New York at the age of 18. She became a social worker and it is at this time that she met Franklin Delano Roosevelt who was her fifth cousin. She got married in March 17, 1905 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. She introduced him to the world of poor people during their courtship when she was working as a social worker. Due to her the emotional problems she faced in her childhood as a result of the lack of affection from both her mother and father, she was able to give unto others unconditional love regardless of their status in life. She was also greatly affected by the constant reference people made in regards to beauty and the fact that she knew she was not a great beauty. This was carried on even in her engagement where she was not sure if she could maintain a marriage to her husband who was handsome where she whereas she was plain (http://www. drlibrary. marist. edu). She had very many accomplishments that started early in life even before her status as first lady. Although earlier in life she had not been interested in politics, she later became interested because she did not want to seem ignorant among her peers. The presence of her domineering mother-in-law led to her having more time to dedicate to her functions because her 6 children were watched by Sarah the mother-in-law. She wanted to continue having the status that she had achieved under the tutelage of Madame Souvestre. She felt that as long as she was around Sarah she would not be able to accomplish what she wanted to and so would involve herself in many activities in order to escape her (http://www. fdrlibrary. marist. edu). During World War 1, she volunteered both in the American Red Cross and also in the Navy hospitals. She worked tirelessly to help those afflicted by the war even though she did not like the war or even the idea of war. In 1920, she became an active member of the women’s suffrage movement. In an effort to fight for women and also enlighten them on their rights, she joined the League of Women Voters and became the vice president of its New York branch. In this group, she was able to encourage women to become voters and fought for the right of women to vote. The law allowing women to vote was passed in 1920. This was also made possible by the Women’s Division of the Democratic Party of which she was also a member. She was also a member of the Women’s Trade Union League which looked into the working conditions of women and fought for the improvement of the same. It also fought for the acceptance of women in the employment field. She was very concerned about women issues and would fight for them in any way possible. She also went ahead to establish Todhunter which was a private school for girls only. She co-owned it with her friend and became its assistant principal and also a teacher of history yet she had no formal certificate. She did this because she had admired Souvestre and wanted to follow in her footsteps. This happened in 1927. In 1918, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was discovered by Eleanor to be having an affair with her social secretary Mercer. She discovered love letters between the two. She threatened him with divorce if he did not end the affair. He promised he would and hence saved the marriage albeit his mother was involved. Although the marriage was saved, Eleanor became a different woman who channeled her energies to many situations that both took her time and also enlightened her more to women’s independence. It is also at this time that she joined the various women organizations and became very close to the women she was working with. In 1921, Franklin suffered from poliomyelitis which left paralyzed in both legs and his mother advised him to become a recluse. She wanted him to remain in Hyde-Park but Eleanor encouraged him to keep interested in politics. He took her advice and Eleanor would act as his informant gathering information from the citizens and giving it to him and discussing the various issues with him. He appeared in public on crutches in 1924 to nominate Governor Alfred E. Smith for president. This was all Eleanor’s doing because she was the one who encouraged him (Lash J. P. Eleanor 1972 pg 550-680). In the process of becoming his eyes and ears, on the ground, she ended up becoming an independent woman and this helped her deal with the hurt of her husband’s infidelity. She realized there was a problem of unemployment and this led her to form the Val-Kill furniture factory. This was in New York and its aim was to provide employment especially to those who were suffering from unemployment yet could learn skills that would provide an income for them. Later on the industry widened its activities to involve weaving and also pewter work. This impressed her husband very much and in the long run encouraged her to spend more and more time there. Franklin through her encouragement ran for governorship of New York and he was elected in 1928. He served in office up to 1933. In all this time, Eleanor would help him make legislations that were progressive. She did this by ensuring that she corresponded with the New York residents an understood their problems. She would also travel very much and in these travels would inspect the state institutions and report to Franklin what was going on and in what ways the issues could be resolved. Her work is what led to the re-election of her husband as a governor for a second term and also his nomination to become president. This is because he sued the information she had gathered to help improve the lives of the common people. Franklin became president in March 4 1933 and consequently Eleanor became America’s first lady. She did not approach this situation confidently since she was apprehensive on its impact in her life as an independent woman. Despite this, she adapted to the role quickly and actually went down in history as the longest serving first lady because Franklin was president from 1933-1945. Once she became first lady, she continued providing various opportunities for women she did this by holding press conferences where only female reporters were invited. It is through these conferences that she kept the public informed about the policies in the white house especially the New Deal which was supposed to help in the recovery from the depression (http://www. lkwdpl. org). In line with the effects of the depression, she persuaded FDR to create the National Youth Administration. This organization was supposed to help young people who due to the effects of the depression could either not join or complete their studies. They could only manage to do this if they had jobs which in turn affected their studies. She became the adviser to those who held the administration posts and also spoke on behalf of the program. She was also involved with the American Youth Congress which was also concerned with matters of the youth. She got involved with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. This is because she no longer held the view of white supremacy and viewed everyone as equals. She understood the plight of the black people in America and worked hard to ensure their rights were recognized and respected. She also worked with the National Council of Negro Women to help the black women. Her stand was made clear when she resigned from being a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1939 because they had refused to allow Marian Anderson, who was a musician, to perform at Constitution Hall (http://www. pbs. org). At this time, the Second World War was starting off and although she detested war, she became involved in it because her sons were fighting in the war. During this time, she made numerous visits to England and also to the South Pacific. This she did in order to promote the good-will that was there among the allies. She also visited the United States troops that were abroad in order to boost their confidence and lift their spirits. She worked to rally civilian volunteerism to which she had been appointed as assistant director of the Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) a post to which she had been appointed by Franklin. She however resigned from it later on due to complaints made about the people she appointed to work with her. FDR died in April 12 1945 and although she had assumed that her public life was over, she was proved wrong by the then president Harry S. Truman. He appointed her as a delegate in the United States Delegation to the United Nation’s General Assembly. In this capacity, she worked hard to ensure that the issues that pertained to social, humanitarian and cultural issues were dealt with. She held this position up to 1953 when she resigned. In this period, she was also the chairman of the Human Rights Commission and it is during her tenure that the Declaration of Human Rights was drafted. The declaration was adopted by the General Assembly on 10th December 1948. Her greatest achievement can be said to be the Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration emphasized the equality of all people regardless of their race, creed, color or gender. It therefore protected the way people that Eleanor had spent her whole life trying to protect and also improve their lives. It declared the right to life, liberty and equality to all people. It therefore meant that the poor, minorities and the disadvantaged were to be treated the same as those who were previously deemed to be superior. Through it, she was able to help the blacks, the women and those who were poor (Lash J. P. Eleanor 1972 pg 550-680). In the same year of 1948, she helped in the establishment of the state of Israel. This she did because she had always been sympathetic to the experience of the Jews at the hands of Adolph Hitler during the Second World War. She did not harbor ill feelings towards the Jews as did the rest of the upper-class. She also provided her help because she viewed herself first and foremost as a United Nations delegate whose work was to promote peace the world over. As a UN delegate, she also tried to establish negotiations with the Soviet Union although she was very cautious. This failed because they did not respect the Human Rights Declaration. From 1953, she volunteered as a member of the American Association for the United Nations. She did this in the capacity of a representative to the World Federation of United Nations. Later on she became the chairman of the Associations’ Board of Directors. John F. Kennedy reappointed her to the United States Delegation to United Nation in 1961. He also appointed her as a member of the National Advisory Committee of the Peace Corps and also the chairman of the President’s Commission on the status of women. She took on these responsibilities gladly as she was well versed with the operations of each (http://www. bs. org). In her lifetime, she had been involved in writing a daily column in the paper, which started in 1935 up to a few days prior to her death in 1962. This column was called â€Å"My Day†. She also started some question and answer column in the newspapers. She managed to write several books during her lifetime which are: This Is My Story (1937), This I Remember (1950), On My Own (1958), and Tomorrow Is Now (1963). Her last book was produced post humously and in it she praised Franklin for the social reforms he had put in place. She died in Nov 7 1962 and thus did not see it published. She was a lady who affected the western civilization in many ways. She proved that a woman can be able to perform remarkably in politics while still maintaining her dignity. The fact that she was able to accept every person regardless of their status in life led to the formation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration opened the people’s eyes to the fact that all human beings are equal even if they come from different areas in life. She established that one has to be able to deal with what they cannot change and should not be judged by what is beyond their power to correct or change (Lash J. P.  Eleanor 1972 pg 550-680). She also exhibited that regardless of how high and mighty one’s family may be and also despite the wealth they have, anyone can be able to make a difference in the lives of those who are victimized and destitute. The western people held a lot of prejudice towards Jews and blacks and she went a long way to try and bridge the gap that existed by not having such prejudices. She also set the role that the other first ladies in America and world over ought to follow. They are not supposed to just sit back and watch what their husbands do but instead should get involved and learn as much as possible and help them out. On the question of how she affected the society, she did a lot to help women get the right to vote. She also encouraged the women to seek employment and provided any opportunity possible to women to ensure that they succeeded. She was also very concerned about the youth and their education. She valued education and ensured that through the formation of the National Youth Association that the American youth would be able to access quality formal education without the problems of having to search for a job. The various trips she made to meet the common man made her understand the problems that they faced everyday. She got to understand the impact of unemployment and also that of the Great Depression. She would give this information to Franklin and also suggest the various ways in which he could help solve the problems (http://www. pbs. org). The creation of the Val-Kill was intended to provide employment to those in New York who needed it yet could not get it. She therefore helped uplift the living standards of many Americans by providing employment and also avenues through which they could provide employment for themselves and for others. The face of the government changed from her time to include more women. The fact that women become voters meant that more women had chances of being voted in because they were voted in by their fellow women. She proved that women can be very good politicians and diplomats. As a U. N delegate she kept making attempts to bring about negotiations between America and the Soviet Union. Although she never succeeded in bridging this gap, she tried her best.